Science, Medicine and Culture in the Nineteenth Century: Seminars for Trinity Term 2017
The Railway Station by Francis Holl after William Powell Frith (1866)
Our programme for Trinity Term 2017 is now announced with three seminars at St Anne's College.
Drinks will be served after each seminar. All welcome, no booking is required.
Wednesday 10 May 2017 (Week 3)
Professor Ursula Martin, University of Oxford
Ada Lovelace in her Mathematical Context
5.30 - 7.00, Seminar Room 3, St Anne's College
Ada, Countess of Lovelace, 1815 - 1852, the so called "first computer programmer", is famous for her 1843 paper, which combined technical detail, and farsighted reflections, in describing Charles Babbage's unbuilt analytical engine, a mechanical computer which, in principle, would have had the same capabilities as a modern machine. Lovelace's broader reflections include the complexity and difficulty of programming, the potential for mathematical experiment, algebra, or composing music, and even, as noted by Alan Turing, the limits of machine thought.
Celebrated as an icon of women in science, Lovelace has been the subject of many popular accounts, with intense debate as to her ability and contribution to the 1843 paper. The only biography to study Lovelace's mathematics is detailed, confident, but mathematically incorrect: the only edition of the letters is somewhat unscholarly and leaves out the mathematical content, stressing notions of poetical science.
Our recent work (with Christopher Hollings and Adrian Rice) is the first study of Lovelace by historians of mathematics, ad describes her eclectic childhood education, and her private study in 1840, at university level, with the eminent mathematician Augustus De Morgan. We identified her increasing insight, tenacity with details and desire to grasp abstract principles - the skills required for independent mathematical work.
One might assess such varying accounts of Lovelace's life and contribution against changing contexts of class, gender, or mental stability; changing perceptions of mathematics amongst both professional mathematicians and the general public; changing perceptions of how to present women scientists; or better understanding of the misremembering or composure of women's contributions. Despite her reputation, we lack a scholarly account of the 1843 paper, and the trajectory of its ideas, rooted in the relevant mathematical context, or a biography that treats her as a member of a scientific community, alongside Babbage, De Morgan and Somerville, rather than constraining her as marginal or exceptional.
Ursula Martin is Professor of Computer Science at Oxford, and holds an EPSRC Fellowship to study collaborative mathematics.
Wednesday 24 May 2017 (Week 5)
Dr James Emmott, Oxford Brookes University
On the Stratification of Language
5.30 - 7.00, Seminar Room 3, St Anne's College.
'There are few sensations more pleasant than that of wondering,' the philologist Max Müller declared at the opening of his Rede lecture, delivered in the University of Cambridge on 29 May 1868. The cause of wonder for Müller on this occasion was the thousands of years that humans had lived in 'conscious ignorance' of the ancient layers of rock and the remains of organic creatures, before geological eyes were opened in the eighteenth century; and, more strikingly, the centuries during which names had been given to a panoply of living things while 'what was much nearer to them than even the gravel on which they trod, namely the words of their own language', escaped systematic notice. 'Here, too,' Müller observed, 'the clearly marked lines of different strata seemed almost to challenge attention, and the pulses of former life were still throbbing in the petrified forms imbedded in grammars and dictionaries'. Yet this attention did not fully arrive until the nineteenth century, when the idea that language was a fixed and stable structure gave way to the view that it was a 'growing and developing medium' (Hans Aarsleff), a material accumulation susceptible to sifting, analysing, and accounting. This paper will wonder about what new varieties of thought were made possible by the association of these fields, and the analogies they engendered. The vastness and composite complexity of the linguistic record, with models of preservation and decay borrowed from geology, prompted reappraisals both of the utility and applicability of universal laws to human culture, and a fundamental rethinking of language itself.
Wednesday 7 June 2017 (Week 7)
Professor Oliver Zimmer, University of Oxford
Time Tribes: How the Railways Made Communities (1840-1900)
5.30 - 7.00, Seminar Room 3, St Anne's College
When it comes to modern loyalties, scholars of various disciplines have predominantly looked at class, profession, region or nation. While these no doubt represent important sources of identity, in the long nineteenth century TIME emerged as a significant source of individual and collective self-definition. Increasingly, how people related to and made use of their own time marked out their actual and desired status. Time, that most elusive of matters, became instrumental for the making and unmaking of communities that sometimes transcended regional and national contexts. Much of this can be attributed to the railways and the temporal innovations they facilitated, above all standard time and railway timetables. This paper approaches the phenomenon in question - time tribes - through an investigation of British and German railway passengers.